Kinetika konvektivnog sušenja tankog sloja iverja drva topole (Populus Deltoides)

Drying of poplar wood (Populus Deltoides) particles was carried out at different drying conditions using a laboratory convective thin layer dryer. Drying curves were plotted and in order to analyze the drying behavior, the curves were fi tted to different semi-theoretical drying kinetics models. The effective moisture diffusivity was also determined from the integrated Fick’s second law equation and correlated with temperature using an Arrhenius- type model to calculate activation energy of diffusion. The results showed that Midilli et al. model was found to satisfactorily describe the drying characteristics of poplar wood particles dried at all temperatures and air flow velocities. In general, the drying rate increases with increasing air temperature and air fl ow velocity. A short constant drying rate period was observed and drying frequently took place at falling rate period in all cases. The effective moisture diffusivity of poplar wood particles increased from 1.01E-10 to 2.53E-10 m2·s-1 as the drying air temperature increased from 65 to 85 °C. The activation energy of diffusion for 1 m·s-1 and 1.5 m·s-1 air flow velocities were calculated as 27.8 kJ·mol-1 and 50.8 kJ·mol-1, respectively.Pri različitim uvjetima sušenja provedeno je sušenje iverja drva topole (Populus deltoides) uporabom konvektivne sušionice za tanki sloj iverja. Iscrtane su krivulje sušenja, a da bi se analizirao proces sušenja, krivulje su prilagođene različitim teorijskim kinetičkim modelima sušenja. Određena je i efektivna difuznost vode u drvu prema Fickovu drugom zakonu te je primjenom Arrheniusova modela za izračun aktivacijske energije difuzije korelirana s temperaturom. Rezultati su pokazali da model Midillija i suradnika zadovoljavajuće opisuje obilježja sušenja iverja drva topole pri svim temperaturama i brzinama strujanja zraka. U načelu, brzina sušenja povećava se s povećanjem temperature zraka i brzine strujanja zraka. Zabilježeno je kratko razdoblje konstantne brzine sušenja, a sušenje se najčešće postiže u razdoblju pada brzine sušenja. Efektivna difuzivnost vode u iverju drva topole povećana je s 1,01E-10 na 2,53E-10 m2·s-1 s povećanjem temperature zraka sa 65 na 85 °C. Izračunana je aktivacijska energija difuzije za 1 m·s-1 i 1,5 m·s-1 brzine strujanja zraka i iznosi 27,8 kJ·mol-1 i 50,8 kJ·mol-1

Structural Performance of Corner Joint Reinforced with FRP under Diagonal Tension Loading

In this study, structural performance of corner joint reinforced by fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) at the area of maximum tension stress was investigated under diagonal tension loading. Therefore 1 to 3 layers of unidirectional woven Glass, Carbon and Kevlar fibers were used and hand lay-up was done by vinyl ester and epoxy resins. Results of load-displacement curve at yield point exhibited capability of the reinforcing layers in preventing joint opening to some extent under load. However, failure was observed at the joint due to picking fibers from wood surface or members fracture near the interface when loading increased. Since the reinforced zones of the joints by FRP show the maximum shear stress, consequently the separation of fibers from wood surfaces increased at these locations. The adhesion of FRP layers to joint surface was not appropriate due to difficult process of layering at right angle of joints followed by probable formation of air bubbles. The results of assessing FRPs reinforcing behaviour indicated that application of vinyl ester in comparison with epoxy as matrix exhibited better performance. In addition, glass and carbon fibers showed better performance than Kevlar fibers as reinforcing agents

Design, Construction, and Performance Analysis of a Wood Thermal Conductivity Measurement Device using Flat Plate Heat Pipes

In this paper, the design, construction, and performance analysis of a wood thermal conductivity measurement device using flat plate heat pipes has been experimentally studied. The device was designed to measure the thermal conductivity of wood in various ranges of temperature. Thermal conductivity of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) has been measured at various temperatures between 40-80 ºC and a relationship has been recommended for the sample. The results show that the thermal conductivity of this species increases linearly with temperature. Also, it has been concluded that flat plate heat pipes distribute heat flux on the surface of the wood uniformly leading to a faster steady state condition, which can reduce time of the test and result in energy saving and more accurate results

Prediction mechanical properties of particleboard and analysis the interaction effect of slenderness ratio and resin content, using linear, quadratic and exponential equation

The purpose of this study was to investigate which equation (Linear, Exponential equation and quadratic) can describe exactly the interaction effect of particle size and adhesive percent and predict mechanical properties of particleboard (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and bending strength). For this work three levels of density including 0.65, 0.7, and 0.75 g/cm3 and also, three levels of adhesive content including 8, 9.5, and 11% and four levels of slenderness ratio of particles including 46.35, 33.7, 21.51 and 12.87 were used. After conducting the experiment and preparing the data, three kind of equation (linear, quadratic and Exponential equation) for each mechanical property based on slenderness of particles, density and adhesive percent obtained. The result indicated there was no correlation between mechanical properties of particleboard and quadratic equation but there were good correlations between linear and Exponential equation. Also the result indicated that Exponential equation can describe efficiently the simultaneous effect of slenderness and adhesive present on the mechanical properties of particleboard, and it can predict better mechanical properties than linear equation

Evaluation of the refining effects on the properties of transparent paper produced from bagasse fiber

This study was conducted with the aim of producing laboratory samples of transparent paper using overbeating method. Hence, bagasse bleached soda pulp was subjected to post-bleaching sequence of DED to remove residual chromophores. Then this pulp was refined in a PFI mill to reach different levels of 55, 130, 200, and 260 mL,CSF (Canadian standard freeness) freeness. Then handsheets were made according to TAPPI standard T 205 om– 8. Results indicated that refining has significant effect on optical properties especially transparency so that the maximum value was observed using pulp with the minimum freeness, i.e. 55 ml.  The variations of transparency due to refining were also further explained by measuring scattering coefficient, opacity and brightness of the specimens. In addition, mercury porosimetry and analyzing the pictures of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the extensive variations of pore structure in paper during refining which impose great influence on developing transparency

Guardianship Prevention Strategies of the Believers from the Infidels based on the Structural Interpretation of Surah Al-Mumtahanah

One of the destructive and important harms that is always in the forefront of any Islamic society is accepting the guardianship of the infidel enemies. Believers at first glance believe that the infidels do not have guardianship over them, but sometimes the infidels' guardianship over them is achieved through the intangible "induction of friendship and friendly relations with infidels." and The Holy Qur'an states this in Surah Al-Mumtahanah 'and Allah's prohibition from these friendly relations, the committing of which is considered disobedience to divine commands and sin. Since structural interpretation plays an important role in understanding the divine verses and applying the teachings of the Holy Quran, the structural interpretation of Surah Al-Mumtahanah 'was used to show Allah has not limited himself to the introduction of sin of, "accepting the guardianship of the infidel enemies through friendly relations with them. And in order to protect society and prevent that sin, he has stated the Insight, tendency and action strategies in the text of Surah Al-Mumtahanah